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Social emotional development represents a specific domain of child development. It is a gradual, integrative process through which children acquire the capacity to understand, experience, express, and manage emotions and to develop meaningful relationships with others. [1]
Emotional development is a lifelong process and these skills develop at an early age. [27] In the early years, children develop basic emotions such as joy, fear, sadness, anger, interest and surprise. [28] The relationship with the primary caregivers plays a crucial role in the emotional development of young children.
Each child develops in a unique way; however, using norms helps in understanding these general patterns of development while recognizing the wide variation between individuals. One way to identify pervasive developmental disorders is if infants fail to meet the development milestones in time or at all.
Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of culture in determining the child's pattern of development. [14] He argued that "Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).
The child's relative understanding of the world and society comes from the parents and their interaction with the child. Children first learn to trust their parents or a caregiver. If the parents expose their child to warmth, security, and dependable affection, the infant's view of the world will be one of trust.
As an example a longitudinal study of early literacy development examined in detail the early literacy experiences of one child in each of 30 families. [ 76 ] Researchers may also observe ways that development varies between individuals, and hypothesize about the causes of variation in their data.
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Since Vygotsky promotes more facilitation in children's learning, he suggests that knowledgeable people (and adults in particular), can also enhance knowledges through cooperative meaning-making with students in their learning, this can be done through the zone of proximal development by guiding children's learning or thinking skills . [36]