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Trajectory and pattern of US 3-inch (76 mm) Shrapnel shell of WWI era. The other factor was the trajectory. The shrapnel bullets were typically lethal for about 300 yards (270 m) from normal field guns after bursting and over 400 yards (370 m) from heavy field guns.
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The gun fired 3 inches (76 mm) steel, shrapnel, or explosive shells that weighed 15 pounds (6.8 kg). [2] The use of nickel steel construction meant that the M1902 could fire a heavier shell at a higher muzzle velocity and greater accuracy (due to tighter rifling) than any other field gun of American origin to that point. [ 3 ]
Also available was a 936-kilogram (2,064 lb) high-explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 805 meters per second (2,640 ft/s). A special Type 3 Sankaidan incendiary shrapnel shell was developed in the 1930s for anti-aircraft use. [3] The gun's firing cycle was one round every 24 seconds. [4]
Grapeshot used fewer but larger projectiles than were contained within canister or shrapnel shells. [1] Case shot broadly describes any multi-projectile artillery ammunition. The canister round is known as a case, so canister was sometimes called case shot and the term has confusingly become generic for grapeshot and shrapnel shells. [1]
The 16-pounder used three types of ammunition – Common shell (for use against buildings or fortifications), shrapnel shell (for use any Infantry or Cavalry) and case shot (for close range use against 'soft' targets. Ignition was through a copper lined vent at the breech end of the gun.
The 3-inch rifle could hurl a shell 4,180 yd (3,822 m) at 16° elevation. [14] Unlike a smoothbore cannon, the 3-inch rifle's projectile retained two-thirds of its muzzle velocity at 1,500 yd (1,372 m) – or 839 ft/s (256 m/s) – so that its rifled projectile was invisible in flight.
At the beginning in 1914, the French 75 fired two main types of shells, both with high muzzle velocities (535 m/s for the shrapnel shell) and a maximum range of 8,500 metres. Their relatively flat trajectories extended all the way to the designated targets. French 75 shells, at least initially in 1914, were essentially anti-personnel.