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Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis.Also known as "sleeping sickness" or "sleepy sickness" (distinct from tsetse fly–transmitted sleeping sickness), it was first described in 1917 by neurologist Constantin von Economo [2] [3] and pathologist Jean-René Cruchet. [4]
Encephalitis lethargica is a neurological syndrome that causes lethargy, a “mask like” face, excessive blood in the meninges, and other general neurological symptoms. [5] Officially recognized as its own condition in 1917, it is believed to have existed far longer in human history. [5] It is known to cause post-encephalitic parkinsonism. [3]
Encephalitis lethargica is identified by high fever, headache, delayed physical response, and lethargy. Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness, muscular pains, and tremors, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide. [10]
Historically, starting in 1917 an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica, also called von Economo's encephalitis or "sleepy-disease" occurred, possibly related to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic; however, even with the use of modern molecular diagnostic tests on appropriate corpses, no firm link between encephalitis lethargica and influenza has been ...
Although the cause of klazomania is unknown, it is considered to be associated with encephalitis lethargica; a 2006 journal review by Jankovic and Mejia attributes klazomania to tourettism (tics not due to Tourette syndrome), widely seen after the encephalitic lethargica pandemic of 1916 to 1927. [1]
[citation needed] Another cause is neurotoxicity due to exposure to certain drugs such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Other causes of akinetic mutism are as follows: Respiratory arrest and cerebral hypoxia [6] Acute cases of encephalitis lethargica [3] Meningitis [3] Hydrocephalus [3] Trauma [3] Tumors [3] Aneurysms [3] Olfactory groove meningioma
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, [3] first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It may also affect the peripheral nervous system , and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome .
During the time of the encephalitis lethargica period, the rise of bradyphrenia was seen in many of the cases. In one case in Russia it was believed that this condition could be treated with steroid therapy after the patient's condition had improved after three months using steroid. [21]