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Fundamental theorem of calculus; Integration by parts; Inverse chain rule method; Integration by substitution. Tangent half-angle substitution; Differentiation under the integral sign; Trigonometric substitution; Partial fractions in integration. Quadratic integral; Proof that 22/7 exceeds π; Trapezium rule; Integral of the secant function ...
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
There are two written papers, each comprising half of the weightage towards the subject. Each paper is 2 hours 15 minutes long and worth 90 marks. Paper 1 has 12 to 14 questions, while Paper 2 has 9 to 11 questions. Generally, Paper 2 would have a graph plotting question based on linear law. It was originated in the year 2003 [3]
It would be a few decades later that Newton and Leibniz independently developed infinitesimal calculus, which grew, with the stimulus of applied work that continued through the 18th century, into analysis topics such as the calculus of variations, ordinary and partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, and generating functions.
Non-standard calculus; Hyperinteger; Hyperreal number; Transfer principle; Overspill; Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Criticism of non-standard analysis; Standard part function; Set theory. Forcing (mathematics) Boolean-valued model; Kripke semantics. General frame; Predicate logic. First-order logic. Infinitary logic; Many ...
An important class of functions when considering limits are continuous functions. These are precisely those functions which preserve limits , in the sense that if f {\displaystyle f} is a continuous function, then whenever a n → a {\displaystyle a_{n}\rightarrow a} in the domain of f {\displaystyle f} , then the limit f ( a n ) {\displaystyle ...
Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations. Physics is particularly concerned with the way quantities change and develop over time, and the concept of the " time derivative " — the rate of change over time — is essential for the precise ...
It is fundamentally the study of the relationship of variables that depend on each other. Calculus was expanded in the 18th century by Euler with the introduction of the concept of a function and many other results. [40] Presently, "calculus" refers mainly to the elementary part of this theory, and "analysis" is commonly used for advanced parts ...