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[2] [17] Eventually, the HBM was applied to more substantial, long-term behavior change such as diet modification, exercise, and smoking. [17] Developers of the model recognized that confidence in one's ability to effect change in outcomes (i.e., self-efficacy) was a key component of health behavior change.
1. changing the picture of the model; 2. using "HBM" whenever the model is mentioned after the first opening paragraph; 3. adding contents and sources for the history section; 4. supplying more academic examples for the part of theoretical constructs; 5. adding more empirical studies; 6. supporting more evidence to the limitation of the theory;
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In a 2013 study, Akey et al. did a qualitative study of 34 men and women diagnosed with an eating disorder and used the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explain the reasons for which they forgo seeking social support. Many people with eating disorders have a low perceived susceptibility, which can be explained as a sense of denial about their illness.
Expectancy–value theory has been developed in many different fields including education, health, communications, marketing and economics. Although the model differs in its meaning and implications for each field, the general idea is that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavior.
HBM Healthcare Investments, a Swiss venture capital and investment firm; His or Her Britannic Majesty; Hitman: Blood Money, a video game; Hudbay, a Canadian mining company; Hummingbird Medal, a state decoration of Trinidad and Tobago; Habitation à bon marché, the predecessor of the French HLM housing program
The strength of a belief can vary from person to person. Furthermore, a social axiom is different from a normative belief. Normative beliefs tell us what we ought to do, e.g., be polite to everyone. Social axioms are a guide as to what it is "possible" to do. [4] Leung and Bond (2008) provide a formal definition of social axioms:
The model has been criticized for not paying enough attention to culture and social interaction, but Andersen argues this social structure is included in the predisposing characteristics component. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Another criticism was the overemphasis of need and at the expense of health beliefs and social structure. [ 12 ]