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They are connected to the brain through the vagus nerve, which seems to be the main mediator of gut-brain communication. [16] Around 90% of the vagus nerve fibers connecting the brain and the ENS are afferent, meaning that the brain receives more information from the digestive system than it sends out. [ 17 ]
The vagus nerve is also responsible for regulating inflammation in the body, via the inflammatory reflex. [7] Efferent vagus nerve fibers innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the gag reflex. In addition, 5-HT 3 receptor-mediated afferent vagus stimulation in the gut due to gastroenteritis is a cause of vomiting. [8]
The ENS is nicknamed the "second brain". [2] [3] It is derived from neural crest cells. [4] [5] The enteric nervous system is capable of operating independently of the brain and spinal cord, [6] but is thought to rely on innervation from the vagus nerve and prevertebral ganglia in healthy subjects.
The findings align with prior research suggesting that misfolded alpha-synuclein proteins may spread from the gut to the brain via the vagus nerve, offering further support for the hypothesis that ...
Vagovagal reflex refers to gastrointestinal tract reflex circuits where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve [1] coordinate responses to gut stimuli via the dorsal vagal complex in the brain. The vagovagal reflex controls contraction of the gastrointestinal muscle layers in response to distension of the tract by food.
The gut microbiota also release molecules that can directly activate the vagus nerve, which transmits information about the state of the intestines to the brain. [ 32 ] Likewise, chronic or acutely stressful situations activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis , causing changes in the gut microbiota and intestinal epithelium , and ...
Vagal tone is activity of the vagus nerve (the 10th cranial nerve) and a fundamental component of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. This branch of the nervous system is not under conscious control and is largely responsible for the regulation of several body compartments at rest.
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