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Women's role in the medieval ale industry likely grew out of the traditional household responsibilities of wives and daughters, who had to brew ale to feed to their families. To turn a profit, early medieval women became "small-scale retailers" by selling goods they already produced for private consumption.
In the medieval period crests would always have faced the same way as the helm, but as a result of these rules, the directions of the crest and the helm might be at variance: a knight whose crest was a lion statant, would have the lion depicted as looking over the side of the helm, rather than towards the viewer. [13]
Bière de Garde is a hybrid beer whose name translates from French to English as “Beer for Keeping”. The ale is low to moderate in esters and contains a similar malt sweetness to most other ales. The ale's ABV ranges from 4.4% to 8% and has a range of appearances, with its primary descriptions being “Light Amber, Chestnut Brown, or Red.”
From the second half of the 12th century, very soon after the birth of coats of arms, the heraldic crest spread throughout Europe. Initially, it was a figure painted on the combatant's helmet, before becoming a separate object, of which very few examples have survived. It is known almost exclusively from the crests depicted on seals.
Pope Boniface VIII: Popes of the late medieval and early modern period used their family coats of arms (the earliest exception being Nicholas V, r. 1447–1455). The coat of arms of Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303), an early form of the Caetani coat of arms, happens to be the first coat of arms used by a pope preserved in a contemporary depiction.
A 1998 attempt to recreate medieval English "strong ale" using recipes and techniques of the era (albeit with the use of modern yeast strains) yielded a strongly alcoholic brew with original gravity of 1.091 (corresponding to a potential alcohol content over 9%) and "pleasant, apple-like taste". [98]
DNA from human remains found in a medieval well suggests they belonged to Ashkenazi Jews who fell victim to antisemitic violence during the 12th century.
Motto: Reviresco [196] [Latin, 'I grow strong again'] [196] Chief: none, armigerous clan: This motto is not from the chiefly arms, but is derived from the arms of the McEwen baronets [197] Macfarlane: Crest: A demi-savage brandishing in his dexter hand a broad sword Proper and pointing with his sinister to an Imperial Crown Or standing by him ...