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A table or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph of isotopes of the elements, in which one axis represents the number of neutrons (symbol N) and the other represents the number of protons (atomic number, symbol Z) in the atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents a nuclide of a known or hypothetical chemical element.
At least 3,300 nuclides have been experimentally characterized [1] (see List of radioactive nuclides by half-life for the nuclides with decay half-lives less than one hour). A nuclide is defined conventionally as an experimentally examined bound collection of protons and neutrons that either is stable or has an observed decay mode.
The tables of elements are sorted in order of decreasing number of nuclides associated with each element. (For a list sorted entirely in terms of half-lives of nuclides, with mixing of elements, see List of nuclides.) Stable and unstable (marked decays) nuclides are given, with symbols for unstable (radioactive) nuclides in italics. Note that ...
An isotope table with clickable information on every isotope and its decay routes is available at chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu; An example of free Universal Nuclide Chart with decay information for over 3000 nuclides is available at Nucleonica.net. app for mobiles: Android or Apple - for PC use The Live Chart of Nuclides - IAEA
Likewise, nuclides with the same neutron excess (N − Z) are called isodiaphers. [4] The name isotone was derived from the name isotope to emphasize that in the first group of nuclides it is the number of neutrons (n) that is constant, whereas in the second the number of protons (p). [5]
Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.
Stable even–even nuclides number as many as three isobars for some mass numbers, and up to seven isotopes for some atomic numbers. Conversely, of the 251 known stable nuclides, only five have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons: hydrogen-2 , lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14, and tantalum-180m.
The first printed edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart of 1958 in the form of a wall chart was created by Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and his assistant Gerda Pfennig. Walter Seelmann-Eggebert was director of the Radiochemistry Institute in the 1956 founded "Kernreaktor Bau- und Betriebsgesellschaft mbH" in Karlsruhe, Germany (a predecessor institution of the later "(Kern-)Forschungszentrum ...