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H. pylori can convert from a helical to an inactive coccoid form that can evade the immune system, and that may possibly become viable, known as viable but nonculturable (VBNC). [27] [28] Helicobacter pylori is microaerophilic – that is, it requires oxygen, but at lower concentration than in the atmosphere.
Gastritis caused by H. pylori infection is termed Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis, and listed as a disease in ICD11. [6] [7] More than 80% of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic and it has been postulated that it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology. [17]
The role of H. pylori in functional dyspepsia is controversial, and treatment for H. pylori may not lead to complete improvement of a patient's dyspepsia. [6] However, a recent systemic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies published in 2022 suggests that successful treatment of H. pylori modestly improves indigestion symptoms. [18]
While many different things can cause diarrhea—including infections or a more serious gastrointestinal condition—in most cases, it will go away after a few days without the need for treatment.
H. pylori can be diagnosed by testing the blood for antibodies, a urea breath test, testing the stool for signs of the bacteria, or a biopsy of the stomach. [1] Other conditions that produce similar symptoms include stomach cancer , coronary heart disease , and inflammation of the stomach lining or gallbladder inflammation .
Some common examples of misdiagnosis include infectious diseases, coeliac disease, [84] Helicobacter pylori, [85] [86] parasites (non-protozoal). [51] [87] [88] The American College of Gastroenterology recommends all people with symptoms of IBS be tested for coeliac disease. [89]
It can be caused by persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, or can be autoimmune in origin. Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma (a form of stomach cancer), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and achlorhydria.
Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group. [13] Rotavirus is a less common cause in adults due to acquired immunity. [27] Norovirus is the cause in about 18% of all cases. [28] Generally speaking, viral gastroenteritis accounts for 21–40% of the cases of infectious diarrhea in developed countries. [29]