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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 February 2025. Water located beneath the ground surface An illustration showing groundwater in aquifers (in blue) (1, 5 and 6) below the water table (4), and three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach it. Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in ...
where T f is the average temperature of the circulating fluid, T 0 is the effective, undisturbed temperature of the ground, q l is the heat transfer rate of the GHE per unit time per unit length (W/m), and R is the total thermal resistance (m. K/W).R(t) is often an unknown variable that needs to be determined by heat transfer analysis.
The volume of groundwater that is stored and recovered in a year generally varies between 10 000 m 3 and 150 000 m 3 per well. [10] ATES system depths is commonly between 20 and 200 meters. Temperature at these depths is generally close to the annual mean surface temperature. In moderate climates this is around 10 °C.
The Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program (GAMA) is an all-inclusive monitoring program for groundwater that was implemented in 2000 in California, United States. It was created by the California State Water Resources Control Board as an improvement from groundwater programs that were already in place.
A ground-coupled heat exchanger is an underground heat exchanger that can capture heat from and/or dissipate heat to the ground. They use the Earth's near constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air or other fluids for residential, agricultural or industrial uses.
In these areas, ground and groundwater can be found with temperatures higher than the target temperature of the application. However, even cold ground contains heat. Below 6 metres (20 ft), the undisturbed ground temperature is consistently at the mean annual air temperature, [3] and this heat can be extracted with a ground source heat pump.
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