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The ryotwari system was known as "severality villages" and based on the system of peasant proprietorship. [10] The ryotwari (or ryotwary) tenure related to land revenue imposed on an individual or community owning an estate and occupied a position analogous to that of a landlord. The assessment was known as "zamindari". [11]
The Ryotwari system is associated with the name of Thomas Munro, who was appointed Governor of Madras in May 1820. [4] Subsequently, the Ryotwari system was extended to the Bombay area. [5] Munro gradually reduced the rate of taxation from one half to one third of the gross produce, even then an excessive tax. [6]
The word "Mahalwari" is derived from the Hindi word Mahal, which means a community made from one or more villages.. [2] Mahalwari consisted of landlords or Lambardars (also called as Nambardars) assigned to represent villages or groups of villages. Along with the village communities, the landlords were jointly responsible for the payment of ...
The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act 1833. [1] The other two systems prevalent in India were the Ryotwari System and the Mahalwari System.
In 1911, zamindari estates covered 26 million acres (110,000 km 2) and occupied over one-fourth of the total area of the presidency. [1] In 1945-46, there were 20,945,456 acres (84,763.25 km 2 ) of Zamindari estates which yielded a revenue of 97,83,167 Rupees and 58,904,798 acres (238,379.26 km 2 ) of ryotwari lands which yielded a revenue of ...
Statue of Sir Thomas Munro who introduced the "Ryotwari System" in the Madras Presidency See also: List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency Revenue from land rental as well as an income tax based on the tenant's net profits from their land was the presidency's main source of income.
Its best known provision was the Permanent Settlement [1] (or the zamindari system), which established a revenue collection scheme that lasted until the 20th century. Beginning with Bengal, the system spread over all of northern India by means of the issue of a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793.
Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the Burdwan Raj) as a young man, c. 1840–45 AD.. When Babur conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc. while in the various Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and marzabans.