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Examples include lichen planus, lichen sclerosus and lichen nitidus. It can also be associated with abrasion or drug use. [2] It has been observed in conjunction with the use of proton pump inhibitors, and might be a sign and/or symptom of lupus such as subacute cutaneous lupus erythematous, according to the case reports and reviews. [3] [4] [5 ...
It has been proven to be effective in various inflammatory skin diseases, e.g., seborrheic dermatitis, [2] cutaneous lupus erythematosus, [3] oral lichen planus, [4] vitiligo, [5] and psoriasis. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are both calcineurin inhibitors and function as immunosuppressants.
Lichen planus may be categorized as affecting mucosal or cutaneous surfaces.. Cutaneous forms are those affecting the skin, scalp, and nails. [10] [11] [12]Mucosal forms are those affecting the lining of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anus), larynx, and other mucosal surfaces including the genitals, peritoneum, ears, nose, bladder and conjunctiva of the eyes.
Grinspan syndrome is a syndrome characterized by presence of the triad: essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and oral lichen planus. [1] Oral lichen planus is thought to be a result of the drugs used for treatment of hypertension and diabetes mellitus but this is not confirmed. [citation needed]
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis.
To avoid misdiagnosis as nail psoriasis, lichen planus, contact dermatitis, nail bed tumors such as melanoma, trauma, or yellow nail syndrome, laboratory confirmation may be necessary. [ 2 ] Other conditions that may appear similar to onychomycosis include: psoriasis , normal aging, green nail syndrome , yellow nail syndrome , and chronic ...