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In each case, scandium is a byproduct of the extraction of other elements and is sold as scandium oxide. [29] [30] [31] To produce metallic scandium, the oxide is converted to scandium fluoride and then reduced with metallic calcium. [32] Sc 2 O 3 + 6HF → 2ScF 3 + 3H 2 O; 2ScF 3 + 3Ca → 3CaF 2 + 2Sc
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust for group 3 is quite low—all the elements in the group are uncommon, the most abundant being yttrium with abundance of approximately 30 parts per million (ppm); the abundance of scandium is 16 ppm, while that of lutetium is about 0.5 ppm. For comparison, the abundance of copper is 50 ppm, that of ...
The chemistry of scandium is almost completely dominated by the trivalent ion, Sc 3+, due to its electron configuration, [Ar] 3d 1 4s 2. The radii of M 3+ ions in the table below indicate that the chemical properties of scandium ions have more in common with yttrium ions than with aluminium ions. In part because of this similarity, scandium is ...
For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3. Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms.
Many of the highly radioactive elements have values that must be predictions or extrapolations, but are unfortunately not marked as such. This is especially problematic for francium, which by relativistic calculations can be shown to be less electronegative than caesium, but for which the only value (0.7) in the literature predates these ...
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
The fourth shell contains one 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals, five 4d orbitals, and seven 4f orbitals, thus leading to a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 + 2×7 = 32. [30] Higher shells contain more types of orbitals that continue the pattern, but such types of orbitals are not filled in the ground states of known elements. [ 45 ]
This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes. Noble gas +1 Bold values are main oxidation states