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Giant cell arteritis may present with atypical or overlapping features. [15] Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency. [15] While studies vary as to the exact relapse rate of giant cell arteritis, relapse of this condition can occur. [16]
Sudden visual loss is the most common symptom in AAION, [1] and is most often accompanied by other symptoms of temporal arteritis: such as jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, myalgias and loss of appetite. [1] A related disease called polymyalgia rheumatica has a 15 percent incidence of giant cell arteritis.
Arteritis is a vascular disorder characterized by inflammation of the walls of arteries, [1] usually as a result of infection or autoimmune responses. Arteritis, a complex disorder, is still not entirely understood. [2] Arteritis may be distinguished by its different types, based on the organ systems affected by the disease. [2]
AAION is due to temporal arteritis (also called giant-cell arteritis), an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels (Chapel-Hill-Conference) that occurs especially with advancing age. In contrast, NAION results from the coincidence of cardiovascular risk factors in a patient with "crowded" optic discs.
People who have polymyalgia rheumatica may also have temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis), an inflammation of blood vessels in the face which can cause blindness if not treated quickly. [3] The pain and stiffness can result in a lowered quality of life, and can lead to depression. [1]
Arteritic CRAO is most commonly caused by giant cell arteritis. [5] [6] Other causes can include dissecting aneurysms and arterial spasms, and as a complication of patient positioning causing external compression of the eye compressing flow to the central retinal artery (e.g. in spine surgeries in the prone position). [7]
For the diagnosis and ongoing observation of large vessel vasculitis, ultrasonography may be helpful. Individuals diagnosed with giant cell arteritis may present with superficial temporal artery stenosis, occlusion, or halo sign (a dark patch surrounding the artery due to vessel wall edema). [23]
Differential diagnosis: Glaucoma, retinal disease, brain lesions ... like giant-cell arteritis, ... The Endoscopic Endonasal Approach method (EEA) is a method of ...