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Codfish vertebra refers to the biconcave appearance of the vertebra in sagittal radiographs due to pathological changes, such as demineralisation. [1] [2] [3] Codfish appearance of the vertebra is seen in several conditions such as Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, steroid or heparin therapy, Cushing syndrome, idiopathic, sickle cell disease, leukemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and homo ...
Chondrichthyes (/ k ɒ n ˈ d r ɪ k θ i iː z /; from Ancient Greek χόνδρος (khóndros) 'cartilage' and ἰχθύς (ikhthús) 'fish') is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage.
The combination of endoskeleton (which allows much larger body sizes for the same skeletal mass) and a more robust and efficient nervous system (which enables more acute perception and more sophisticated motor control) gives vertebrates much quicker body reactivity and behavioral adaptability, which have led to marine vertebrates dominating ...
Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates. Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region.
They have elongated bodies from 2 to 30 cm (0.79 to 11.81 in) in length. [2] They have a number of green or red light-producing photophores aligned along the undersides of their heads or bodies. [1] Their chief common name, bristlemouth, comes from their odd, equally sized, and bristle-like teeth.
Gnathostomata (/ ˌ n æ θ oʊ ˈ s t ɒ m ə t ə /; from Ancient Greek: γνάθος (gnathos) 'jaw' + στόμα (stoma) 'mouth') are the jawed vertebrates.Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates, including humans.
Osteichthyes (/ ˌ ɒ s t iː ˈ ɪ k θ iː z / ost-ee-IK-theez; from Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bone' and ἰχθύς (ikhthús) 'fish'), [2] also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue.
Many vertebrates are limbless, limb-reduced, or apodous, with a body plan consisting of a head and vertebral column, but no adjoining limbs such as legs or fins. Jawless fish are limbless but may have preceded the evolution of vertebrate limbs, whereas numerous reptile and amphibian lineages – and some eels and eel-like fish – independently lost their limbs.