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  2. Free will theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will_theorem

    The free will theorem states: Given the axioms, if the choice about what measurement to take is not a function of the information accessible to the experimenters (free will assumption), then the results of the measurements cannot be determined by anything previous to the experiments. That is an "outcome open" theorem:

  3. Safe and Sophie Germain primes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes

    [2] [3] Through her attempts to solve Fermat's Last Theorem, Germain developed a result now known as Germain's Theorem which states that if p is an odd prime and 2p + 1 is also prime, then p must divide x, y, or z. Otherwise, +. This case where p does not divide x, y, or z is called the

  4. List of long mathematical proofs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long_mathematical...

    1974 The Gorenstein–Harada theorem classifying finite groups of sectional 2-rank at most 4 was 464 pages long. 1976 Eisenstein series. Langlands's proof of the functional equation for Eisenstein series was 337 pages long. 1983 Trichotomy theorem. Gorenstein and Lyons's proof for the case of rank at least 4 was 731 pages long, and Aschbacher's ...

  5. Chernoff bound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernoff_bound

    In probability theory, a Chernoff bound is an exponentially decreasing upper bound on the tail of a random variable based on its moment generating function.The minimum of all such exponential bounds forms the Chernoff or Chernoff-Cramér bound, which may decay faster than exponential (e.g. sub-Gaussian).

  6. Law of large numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers

    They are called the strong law of large numbers and the weak law of large numbers. [16] [1] Stated for the case where X 1, X 2, ... is an infinite sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Lebesgue integrable random variables with expected value E(X 1) = E(X 2) = ... = μ, both versions of the law state that the sample average

  7. Renewal theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory

    Renewal theory is the branch of probability theory that generalizes the Poisson process for arbitrary holding times. Instead of exponentially distributed holding times, a renewal process may have any independent and identically distributed (IID) holding times that have finite mean. A renewal-reward process additionally has a random sequence of ...

  8. Goldbach's conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach's_conjecture

    [23] [24] [25] The weak conjecture is implied by the strong conjecture, as if n − 3 is a sum of two primes, then n is a sum of three primes. However, the converse implication and thus the strong Goldbach conjecture would remain unproven if Helfgott's proof is correct.

  9. Superdeterminism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeterminism

    By postulating that all systems being measured are correlated with the choices of which measurements to make on them, the assumptions of the theorem are no longer fulfilled. A hidden variables theory which is superdeterministic can thus fulfill Bell's notion of local causality and still violate the inequalities derived from Bell's theorem. [1]