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  2. Allotropes of carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon

    A large sample of glassy carbon. Glassy carbon or vitreous carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high-temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.

  3. Solid-state physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_physics

    Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale ...

  4. Mössbauer spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mössbauer_spectroscopy

    Just as a gun recoils when a bullet is fired, conservation of momentum requires a nucleus (such as in a gas) to recoil during the emission or absorption of a gamma ray. If a nucleus at rest emits a gamma ray, the energy of the gamma ray is slightly less than the natural energy of the transition, but in order for a nucleus at rest to absorb a gamma ray, the gamma ray's energy must be slightly ...

  5. Exam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exam

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 January 2025. Educational assessment For other uses, see Exam (disambiguation) and Examination (disambiguation). Cambodian students taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of Sihanoukville in 2008 American students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in ...

  6. Hooke's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_law

    In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.

  7. Debye–Hückel theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye–Hückel_theory

    D&H say that, due to the "mutual electrostatic forces between the ions", it is necessary to modify the Guldberg–Waage equation by replacing with , where is an overall activity coefficient, not a "special" activity coefficient (a separate activity coefficient associated with each species)—which is what is used in modern chemistry as of 2007.

  8. Franck–Hertz experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck–Hertz_experiment

    In a second paper presented in May 1914, Franck and Hertz reported on the light emission by the mercury atoms that had absorbed energy from collisions. [6] They showed that the wavelength of this ultraviolet light corresponded exactly to the 4.9 eV of energy that the flying electron had lost.

  9. Bell's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell's_theorem

    Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement.