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The characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector space is the characteristic polynomial of the matrix of that endomorphism over any basis (that is, the characteristic polynomial does not depend on the choice of a basis).
Urbain Le Verrier (1811–1877) The discoverer of Neptune.. In mathematics (linear algebra), the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm is a recursive method to calculate the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial = of a square matrix, A, named after Dmitry Konstantinovich Faddeev and Urbain Le Verrier.
This polynomial is called the characteristic polynomial of A. Equation is called the characteristic equation or the secular equation of A. The fundamental theorem of algebra implies that the characteristic polynomial of an n-by-n matrix A, being a polynomial of degree n, can be factored into the product of n linear terms,
The roots of the characteristic polynomial () are the eigenvalues of ().If there are n distinct eigenvalues , …,, then () is diagonalizable as () =, where D is the diagonal matrix and V is the Vandermonde matrix corresponding to the λ 's: = [], = [].
A polynomial satisfying the Routh–Hurwitz criterion is called a Hurwitz polynomial. The importance of the criterion is that the roots p of the characteristic equation of a linear system with negative real parts represent solutions e pt of the system that are stable .
Determinants are used for defining the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix, whose roots are the eigenvalues. In geometry , the signed n -dimensional volume of a n -dimensional parallelepiped is expressed by a determinant, and the determinant of a linear endomorphism determines how the orientation and the n -dimensional volume are ...
Characteristic polynomial, and attributes that can be derived from it: Determinant; Trace; Eigenvalues, and their algebraic multiplicities; Geometric multiplicities of eigenvalues (but not the eigenspaces, which are transformed according to the base change matrix P used). Minimal polynomial; Frobenius normal form
We call p(λ) the characteristic polynomial, and the equation, called the characteristic equation, is an N th-order polynomial equation in the unknown λ. This equation will have N λ distinct solutions, where 1 ≤ N λ ≤ N. The set of solutions, that is, the eigenvalues, is called the spectrum of A. [1] [2] [3]