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Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees.
Visualised as rolling on the upper and lower surfaces of the drawing plane, respectively. First-angle projection is as if the object were sitting on the paper and, from the "face" (front) view, it is rolled to the right to show the left side or rolled up to show its bottom. It is standard throughout Europe and Asia (excluding Japan).
Orthographic projection (also orthogonal projection and analemma) [a] is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions.Orthographic projection is a form of parallel projection in which all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, [2] resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface.
A parallel projection is a particular case of projection in mathematics and graphical projection in technical drawing. Parallel projections can be seen as the limit of a central or perspective projection , in which the rays pass through a fixed point called the center or viewpoint , as this point is moved towards infinity.
One way to draw using an oblique view is to draw the side of the object you are looking at in two dimensions, i.e. flat, and then draw the other sides at an angle of 45°, but instead of drawing the sides full size they are only drawn with half the depth creating 'forced depth' – adding an element of realism to the object.
Formann et al. (1993) observed that every straight-line drawing of a graph with maximum degree d has angular resolution at most 2π/d: if v is a vertex of degree d, then the edges incident to v partition the space around v into d wedges with total angle 2π, and the smallest of these wedges must have an angle of at most 2π/d.