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  2. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    The neutral counting method assumes each OH bond is split equally (each atom gets one electron from the bond). Thus both hydrogen atoms have an electron count of one. The oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. The total electron count is 8, which agrees with the octet rule.

  3. Octet rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

    The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

  4. Electron shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell

    In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus.The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus.

  5. Mass number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_number

    The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), [1] also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus.

  6. Periodic table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

    This is consistent with Hund's rule, which states that atoms usually prefer to singly occupy each orbital of the same type before filling them with the second electron. Oxygen (1s 2 2s 2 2p 4), fluorine (1s 2 2s 2 2p 5), and neon (1s 2 2s 2 2p 6) then complete the already singly filled 2p orbitals; the last of these fills the second shell ...

  7. Abundance of the chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical...

    The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrences of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by mass fraction (in commercial contexts often called weight fraction), by mole fraction (fraction of atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases), or by volume fraction.

  8. Atom (measure theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(measure_theory)

    We can choose each point to be a common point of the atoms in the -th atomic class. A discrete measure is atomic but the inverse implication fails: take X = [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle X=[0,1]} , Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } the σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebra of countable and co-countable subsets, μ = 0 {\displaystyle \mu =0} in countable ...

  9. Chemical bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond

    A single bond between two atoms corresponds to the sharing of one pair of electrons. The Hydrogen (H) atom has one valence electron. Two Hydrogen atoms can then form a molecule, held together by the shared pair of electrons. Each H atom now has the noble gas electron configuration of helium (He).