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The Arthashastra dedicates Book 7 and 10 to war, and considers numerous scenarios and reasons for war. It classifies war into three broad types – open war, covert war and silent war. [ 175 ] It then dedicates chapters to defining each type of war, how to engage in these wars and how to detect that one is a target of covert or silent types of ...
The Arthashastra (1.7.6) emphasizes Artha's importance, with Kautilya stating that material gain is the most crucial of the three ends of life, as it supports the realization of dharma and kama. [10] James Lochtefeld describes [1] artha as the means of life, and includes material prosperity.
Ratna Pariksha is mentioned in Kautilya's Arthashastra (323-299 B.C.). [5] Vatsayana, the author of the Kamasutra also mentions rupa-ratna-pariksha. [6] The method was also studied by princes in Karnataka during the medieval period. [7] The author of this treatise is very commonly known to be one Buddha Bhatt.
In 1905, Shamasastry discovered the Arthashastra among a heap of manuscripts. He transcribed, edited and published the Sanskrit edition in 1909. He proceeded to translate it into English, publishing it in 1915. [3] The manuscript was in the Early Grantha script. Other copies of the Arthashastra were discovered later in other parts of India.
For example, the Arthashastra of Kauṭilya, the Kamandakiya Nitisara, [41] Brihaspati Sutra, [42] and Sukra Niti. [43] Olivelle states that most Artha-related treatises from ancient India have been lost. [44] The Book II of the Tirukkural primarily focuses on porul, the Tamil term for artha. [40] On Kama
The Arthashastra identifies its author as Kauṭilya, a gotra or clan name, except for one verse that refers to him by the personal name of Vishnugupta. [ d ] One of the earliest Sanskrit literatures to identify Chanakya with Vishnugupta explicitly was the Panchatantra (2nd c. CE).
[6] [7] Goodall adds regional texts such as Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti to the list. [6] Beyond the Sruti, Hindu texts include Smritis, Shastras, Sutras, Tantras, Puranas, Itihasas, Stotras, Subhashitas and others. [8] [9] Most of these texts exist in Sanskrit, [10] [11] and Old Tamil, and also later in other Indic languages.
The Rajamandala (or Rāja-maṇḍala meaning "circle of kings"; [1] मण्डल, maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle") was formulated by the Indian author Chanakya (Kautilya) in his work on politics, the Arthashastra (written between 4th century BCE and 2nd century CE).