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Current–voltage characteristic of a p–n junction diode showing three regions: breakdown, reverse biased, forward biased. The exponential's "knee" is at V d. The leveling off region which occurs at larger forward currents is not shown. A diode's current–voltage characteristic can be approximated by four operating regions. From lower to ...
PN junction operation in forward-bias mode, showing reducing depletion width. In forward bias, the p-type is connected with a positive electrical terminal and the n-type is connected with a negative terminal. The panels show energy band diagram, electric field, and net charge density. The built-in potential of the semiconductor varies ...
Band-bending diagram for p–n diode in forward bias. Diffusion drives carriers across the junction. Quasi-Fermi levels and carrier densities in forward biased p–n-diode. The figure assumes recombination is confined to the regions where majority carrier concentration is near the bulk values, which is not accurate when recombination-generation ...
Band diagram for Schottky barrier at equilibrium Band diagram for semiconductor heterojunction at equilibrium. In solid-state physics of semiconductors, a band diagram is a diagram plotting various key electron energy levels (Fermi level and nearby energy band edges) as a function of some spatial dimension, which is often denoted x. [1]
Under reverse bias, the diode equation's exponential term is near 0, so the current is near the somewhat constant reverse current value (roughly a picoampere for silicon diodes or a microampere for germanium diodes, [1] although this is obviously a function of size).
A PN junction in forward bias mode, the depletion width decreases. Both p and n junctions are doped at a 1e15/cm3 doping level, leading to built-in potential of ~0.59V. Observe the different Quasi Fermi levels for conduction band and valence band in n and p regions (red curves). A depletion region forms instantaneously across a p–n junction.
Band diagram for n-type semiconductor Schottky barrier at zero bias (equilibrium) with graphical definition of the Schottky barrier height, Φ B, as the difference between the interfacial conduction band edge E C and Fermi level E F. [For a p-type Schottky barrier, Φ B is the difference between E F and the valence band edge E V.]
If no diode is forward-biased then no diode will provide drive current for the output's load (such as a subsequent logic stage). So the output additionally requires a pull-up or pull-down resistor connected to a voltage source, so that the output can transition quickly [ a ] and provide a strong driving current when no diodes are forward-biased.