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Spread betting was invented by Charles K. McNeil, a mathematics teacher from Connecticut who became a bookmaker in Chicago in the 1940s. [5] In North America, the gambler usually wagers that the difference between the scores of two teams will be less than or greater than the value specified by the bookmaker, with even money for either option.
Initially the correlation between the formula and actual winning percentage was simply an experimental observation. In 2003, Hein Hundal provided an inexact derivation of the formula and showed that the Pythagorean exponent was approximately 2/(σ √ π) where σ was the standard deviation of runs scored by all teams divided by the average number of runs scored. [8]
The league adjustment is a minor adjustment (usually 0-5 runs per season) added so each league's runs above average balances out to zero. [15] Finally, since all the previous run values are relative to league average, replacement runs are added to compare the player to a replacement level player. [15]
Nigeria's women's and men's national teams in beach volleyball competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. [338] The country's U21 national teams qualified for the 2019 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships. [339] Nigeria is the birthplace of the sport loofball. [340]