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A constant function is both monotone and antitone; conversely, if f is both monotone and antitone, and if the domain of f is a lattice, then f must be constant. Monotone functions are central in order theory. They appear in most articles on the subject and examples from special applications are found in these places.
The notions of completely and absolutely monotone function/sequence play an important role in several areas of mathematics. For example, in classical analysis they occur in the proof of the positivity of integrals involving Bessel functions or the positivity of Cesàro means of certain Jacobi series. [6]
The following result is a generalisation of the monotone convergence of non negative sums theorem above to the measure theoretic setting. It is a cornerstone of measure and integration theory with many applications and has Fatou's lemma and the dominated convergence theorem as direct consequence.
Let be a real-valued monotone function defined on an interval. Then the set of discontinuities of the first kind is at most countable.. One can prove [5] [3] that all points of discontinuity of a monotone real-valued function defined on an interval are jump discontinuities and hence, by our definition, of the first kind.
Examples of monotone submodular functions include: Linear (Modular) functions Any function of the form () = is called a linear function. Additionally if , then f is monotone. Budget-additive functions
Then F and G form a monotone Galois connection between the power set of X and the power set of Y, both ordered by inclusion ⊆. There is a further adjoint pair in this situation: for a subset M of X, define H(M) = {y ∈ Y | f −1 {y} ⊆ M}. Then G and H form a monotone Galois connection between the power set of Y and the power set of X.
By invoking this theorem, one can use monotone classes to help verify that a certain collection of subsets is a 𝜎-algebra. The monotone class theorem for functions can be a powerful tool that allows statements about particularly simple classes of functions to be generalized to arbitrary bounded and measurable functions.
Hence some authors avoid this ambiguity by saying a property A is monotone if A or A C (the complement of A) is monotone. [8] Some authors choose to resolve this by using the term increasing monotone for properties preserved under the addition of some object, and decreasing monotone for those preserved under the removal of the same object.