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IrDA physical layer; USB physical layer; EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485; Ethernet physical layer 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties; Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers; DSL; ISDN; T1 and other T-carrier links, and E1 and other E-carrier links; ITU Recommendations ...
Research-Technology Management (RTM) is an academic journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Industrial Research Institute (now called Innovation Research Interchange - IRI). It publishes peer-reviewed , research-based articles and managerial pieces written by academics, practitioners and industrial researchers for the innovation ...
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with the physical connection between devices. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium.
The PDU is passed to layer N−1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU). At layer N−1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N−1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N−2. The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
OSI model Layer Protocol data unit (PDU) Function [3]; Host layers 7 Application: Data: High-level protocols such as for resource sharing or remote file access, e.g. HTTP. 6
The Ethernet physical layer has evolved over its existence starting in 1980 and encompasses multiple physical media interfaces and several orders of magnitude of speed from 1 Mbit/s to 800 Gbit/s. The physical medium ranges from bulky coaxial cable to twisted pair and optical fiber with a standardized reach of up to 80 km.
Different authors have interpreted the TCP/IP model differently, and disagree whether the link layer, or any aspect of the TCP/IP model, covers OSI layer 1 (physical layer) issues, or whether TCP/IP assumes a hardware layer exists below the link layer.
The Ethernet PMD sublayer is part of the Ethernet physical layer (PHY). The hierarchy is as follows: Data link layer (Layer 2) Logical link control (LLC) sublayer; Medium access control (MAC) sublayer Reconciliation sublayer (RS) – This sublayer processes PHY local/remote fault messages and handles DDR conversion; PHY layer (Layer 1)