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Supravalvular aortic stenosis is a congenital obstructive narrowing of the aorta just above the aortic valve and is the least common type of aortic stenosis. It is often associated with other cardiovascular anomalies and is one of the characteristic findings of Williams syndrome. The diagnosis can be made by echocardiography or MRI.
** Supravalvular aortic stenosis is loudest at a point slightly higher than in that of valvular AS and may radiate more to the right carotid artery. **Subvalvular aortic stenosis is usually due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), with murmur loudest over the left sternal border or the apex. The murmur in HCM increases in intensity with a ...
Supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM) Parachute mitral valve; Subaortic stenosis (membranous or muscular) Coarctation of the aorta; Of these four defects, supravalvular mitral membrane (SVMM) is the first to occur and triggers the development of the other three defects. Partial complexes, or forme fruste, have also been described. [1]
More than 50% of patients with aortic valve stenosis have a congenital heart abnormality called a bicuspid aortic valve. The aortic valve is normally three leaflets but when it is bicuspid it is made of two. [6] This increases the risk for aortic stenosis due to increased stress on the leaflets, calcium deposition, turbulent blood flow, and ...
Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) (>50% of cases), with a mean age of 65 to 70 years. CAVD is the build-up of calcium on the cusps of the valve, and this calcification causes hardening and stenosis of the valve. [ 22 ]
Pulmonic stenosis is usually due to isolated valvular obstruction (pulmonary valve stenosis), but it may be due to subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction, such as infundibular stenosis. It may occur in association with other congenital heart defects as part of more complicated syndromes (for example, tetralogy of Fallot). [citation needed]