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The Journey of Reconciliation, also [1] called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. [2] Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week journey that began on April 9, 1947.
Rustin and Houser organized the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947. This was the first of the Freedom Rides to test the 1946 ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel as unconstitutional.
On April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight white men, including James Peck, their publicity officer, and eight black men, on what was to be a two-week Journey of Reconciliation through Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, to test state’s compliance with the Supreme Court’s decisions regarding segregation within interstate ...
When a veteran of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation attempted to test the state's adherence to the Boynton ruling, they were arrested twice and threaten with violence multiple times. [5] [7] [17] [21] During Gaither's preliminary scout of the route, he had worried that the Riders would be lucky to escape the state with their lives.
In April 1947, eight black and eight white men set out on a 2 week interstate bus trip from Washington, D.C., into the upper South called The Journey of Reconciliation, sponsored by the FOR (Fellowship of Reconciliation), and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Sitting Black and white side-by-side, they sought, in areas where local statues ...
It featured Morgan Kirkaldy and survivors of the 1947 "Journey of Reconciliation." Morgan received renewed attention for her contributions. In 2000 Morgan Kirkaldy was honored by Gloucester County, Virginia, during its 350th anniversary celebration. In 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded her the Presidential Citizens Medal.
He is the only person who participated in both the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947 and the first Freedom Ride of 1961, [4] and has been called a white civil rights hero. [5] Peck advocated nonviolent civil disobedience throughout his life, and was arrested more than 60 times between the 1930s and 1980s.
In April 1947, Felmet participated in the Journey of Reconciliation, the precursor to the Freedom Riders, [6] challenging racial segregation. Felmet, Bayard Rustin , Igal Roodenko , and Andrew Johnson were arrested in North Carolina for violating local Jim Crow laws regarding segregated seating on public transportation. [ 7 ]