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The backward differentiation formula (BDF) is a family of implicit methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations.They are linear multistep methods that, for a given function and time, approximate the derivative of that function using information from already computed time points, thereby increasing the accuracy of the approximation.
Variational methods in general relativity, a family of techniques using calculus of variations to solve problems in Einstein's general theory of relativity; Finite element method is a variational method for finding numerical solutions to boundary-value problems in differential equations;
(Textbook, targeting advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in mathematics, which also discusses numerical partial differential equations.) John Denholm Lambert, Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1991. ISBN 0-471-92990-5. (Textbook, slightly more demanding than the book by Iserles.)
In mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, [1] introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of ...
For this reason, the Euler method is said to be a first-order method, while the midpoint method is second order. We can extrapolate from the above table that the step size needed to get an answer that is correct to three decimal places is approximately 0.00001, meaning that we need 400,000 steps.
Iterative methods such as Newton's method are often used to solve the implicit formula. Sometimes an explicit multistep method is used to "predict" the value of +. That value is then used in an implicit formula to "correct" the value. The result is a predictor–corrector method.