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L. acidophilus has one phospholipid bilayer membrane with a large cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan exterior to the membrane. The cell wall of L. acidophilus is interwoven with teichoic acids and surface proteins, with anionic and neutral polysaccharides as well as an S-layer lining the exterior of the cell. [5]
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. [2] [3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).
The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus Lactobacillus (90–95%), the most common being L. crispatus, L. iners, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri. [5] Since the first description of lactobacilli by Döderlein, lactobacilli have been generally considered the gatekeepers of the vaginal ecosystem.
Thiobacillus prosperus, T. acidophilus, T. organovorus, T. cuprinus Acetobacter aceti , a bacterium that produces acetic acid (vinegar) from the oxidation of ethanol. Alicyclobacillus , a genus of bacteria that can contaminate fruit juices.
Additionally, no toxins had been identified from L. acidophilus, leading Dr. Moore to conclude that the likely explanation was an allergy to the bacterium. [17] However, it was also noted that patients free of caries (cavities) also had skin reactions to L. acidophilus filtrate. [17] The study also included experiments of vaccines on children.
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It is also present in L. acidophilus, L. buchneri, [15] L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, L. fermentum and L. helveticus with a content of 10 to 30% has been detected. [16] [15] However, lactobacillic acid is not restricted to members of the genus Lactobacillus or lactic acid bacteria in general.
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus that was isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for a patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin, [11] the 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames. [12]