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Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to Western capitalism for most of the 20th century. [160] In Western Europe, communist parties were part of several post-war governments, and even when the Cold War forced many of those countries to remove them from government, such as in Italy, they remained part of the liberal-democratic process.
Throughout the 20th century communism spread to various parts of the world, largely as a result of Soviet influence, often through revolutionary movements and post-World War II geopolitical shifts. The Cold War period saw a global ideological struggle between the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union, and the capitalist West, led by the ...
At the start of the 20th century, the Russian Empire was an autocracy controlled by Tsar Nicholas II, with millions of the country's largely agrarian population living in abject poverty. The anti-communist historian Robert Service noted that "poverty and oppression constituted the best soil for Marxism to grow in". [110]
Neo-Marxism is a Marxist school of thought originating from 20th-century approaches [30] [31] [32] to amend or extend [33] Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism. The Frankfurt School is often described as neo-Marxist. [34] [35]
A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. [1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist ...
Eric D. Weitz states that the mass killing in communist states is a natural consequence of the failure of the rule of law, commonly seen during periods of social upheaval in the 20th century. For both communist and non-communist mass killings, "genocides occurred at moments of extreme social crisis, often generated by the very policies of the ...
The sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic is widely regarded as one of the most tragic events of the 20th century. While the deaths of thousands of passengers and several animals, including dogs and ...
Cover of patriotic CPUSA "penny pamphlet" from "Communism is 20th Century Americanism" campaign of late 1930s. While Earl Browder was one of the top leaders of American communism during the so-called Third Period of the early 1930s, he came into his own during the interval which followed, the era of the popular front against fascism.