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According to Peter Kenez, "Denikin's advance in the Ukraine was most spectacular. He took Poltava on July 31, Odesa on August 23, and Kyiv on August 31." [20] By winter, the tide of war reversed decisively, and by 1920 all of Eastern and central Ukraine except Crimea was again in Bolshevik hands. The Bolsheviks also defeated Nestor Makhno.
February 1918 article from The New York Times showing a map of the Russian Imperial territories claimed by Ukraine People’s Republic at the time, before the annexation of the Austro-Hungarian lands of the West Ukrainian People's Republic Special edition of the Lübeckischen Anzeigen, Headline: Peace with the Ukraine (February 9, 1918)
The Ukrainian State (Ukrainian: Українська Держава, romanized: Ukrainska Derzhava), sometimes also called the Second Hetmanate (Ukrainian: Другий Гетьманат, romanized: Druhyi Hetmanat), [8] was an anti-Bolshevik government that existed on most of the modern territory of Ukraine (except for Western Ukraine) from 29 April [9] to 14 December 1918.
On 19 December 1918, the Directorate took control of Kiev. The Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine from Kursk in late December 1918 where the new Ukrainian Soviet government was reestablished earlier in November of the same year. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all ...
Maps of Ukraine have been produced since the late mediaeval period. During the Turkish wars between 1568 and 1918, high-quality French maps were kept [by whom?] as state secrets amid diplomatic negotiations, while 20th-century maps have reflected the region's multiple changes of government.
The Makhnovshchina, which existed from 1918 to 1921, was a revolutionary anarchist movement in southern Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno. It emerged during the chaos of the Russian Civil War . The Makhnovists aimed to establish a stateless, self-managed society based on anarchist principles, where peasants and workers controlled the land and factories.
The administrative division of Ukraine in 1918 was inherited from the Russian Empire, and based on the largest unit of the gubernia (also called a province, government, or governorate; Ukrainian huberniia) with smaller subdivisions county or district , and rural district .