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A rocket's required mass ratio as a function of effective exhaust velocity ratio. The classical rocket equation, or ideal rocket equation is a mathematical equation that describes the motion of vehicles that follow the basic principle of a rocket: a device that can apply acceleration to itself using thrust by expelling part of its mass with high velocity and can thereby move due to the ...
[14] The speed and course of the target could be computed using the distance the target traveled over an interval of time. During the latter part of World War II, the speed of the target could be measured using radar data. Radar provided accurate bearing rate, range, and radial speed, which was converted to target course and speed.
The term , where is the speed, and is the fuel consumption rate, is called the specific range (= range per unit mass of fuel; S.I. units: m/kg). The specific range can now be determined as though the airplane is in quasi-steady-state flight.
Max take-off weight, full power Boeing 747-8: 0.269 Max take-off weight, full power Boeing 777-200ER: 0.285 Max take-off weight, full power Boeing 737 MAX 8: 0.311 Max take-off weight, full power Airbus A320neo: 0.310 Max take-off weight, full power Boeing 757-200: 0.341 Max take-off weight, full power (w/Rolls-Royce RB211) Tupolev 154B: 0.360
A headwind will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings. Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the range of 240–285 km/h (130–154 kn; 149–177 mph). Light aircraft, such as a Cessna 150, take off at around 100 km/h (54 kn; 62 mph). Ultralights have even lower takeoff speeds.
The first critical speed during takeoff (at which a pilot must decide whether to continue with takeoff or abort it) is called the "decision speed", or V 1, beyond which it would be unsafe to abort the takeoff. Rotation is begun at the speed known as V R. Rotation at the correct speed and to the correct angle is important for safety reasons and ...
The top of descent may be calculated manually as long as distance, air speed, and current altitude are known. This can be done by finding the difference between current altitude and desired altitude, dividing the result by the desired rate of descent , and then multiplying that figure by the quotient of the ground speed (not airspeed) and 60.
The minimum control speed is the airspeed below which the force the rudder or ailerons can apply to the aircraft is not large enough to counteract the asymmetrical thrust at a maximum power setting. Above this speed it should be possible to maintain control of the aircraft and maintain straight flight with asymmetrical thrust. [4]