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Apart from these external stimulants, chemical nociceptors have the capacity to detect endogenous ligands, and certain fatty acid amines that arise from changes in internal tissues. Like in thermal nociceptors, TRPV1 can detect chemicals like capsaicin and spider toxins and acids. [11] [10] Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) also detect acidity. [10]
Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal-root ganglia. [3] Others are specialised structures in the skin such as nociceptive schwann cells. [4] Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. After ...
Free nerve endings can detect temperature, mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or danger (nociception). Thus, different free nerve endings work as thermoreceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In other words, they express polymodality.
Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain. [16] They are found in internal organs, as well as on the surface of the body. Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage.
External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called exteroreceptors. [4] Exteroreceptors include chemoreceptors such as olfactory receptors and taste receptors, photoreceptors (), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (), hair cells (hearing and balance), and a number of other different mechanoreceptors for touch and proprioception (stretch, distortion and stress).
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Similarly, capsaicin triggers nociceptors in some invertebrates, [4] [5] but this substance is not noxious to Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly). [6] Criteria that may indicate a potential for experiencing pain include: [7] Has a suitable nervous system and receptors; Physiological changes to noxious stimuli