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The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self". Inconsistencies between "actual", "ideal" (idealized version of yourself created from life experiences) and "ought" (who persons feel they should be or should become) are associated with emotional discomforts (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness).
You respond by throwing someone else under the bus (i.e., "Bob didn't do his that way either"). You become sarcastic to deflect the feedback. You use closed body language (like crossing your arms ...
A conflict management style is the habitual way that a person responds to conflict. In the Thomas-Kilman model, there are five styles, of which avoidance is one. [7] For example, if the person invited to two events has an avoidant style, they might procrastinate on deciding which event to attend until it is too late to attend either of them.
Self-handicapping is a cognitive strategy by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem. [1] It was first theorized by Edward E. Jones and Steven Berglas, [ 2 ] according to whom self-handicaps are obstacles created, or claimed, by the individual in anticipation of failing performance.
Although narcissists generally know their way around an effective manipulation tactic, Dr. DeVore emphasizes that it’s not necessarily about “begging people” to stop “falling” for things.
Here are the ones they say to avoid in most situations — and which one to use when you're just not sure. This is an update of a story originally written by Rachel Sugar. 1.
Resentment (also called ranklement or bitterness) is a complex, multilayered emotion [1] that has been described as a mixture of disappointment, disgust and anger. [2] Other psychologists consider it a mood [3] or as a secondary emotion (including cognitive elements) that can be elicited in the face of insult or injury.
Freud first described the practice of undoing in his 1909 "Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis". Here he recounted how his patient (the "Rat Man") first removed a stone from the road in case his lady's carriage should overturn upon it, and thereafter 'felt obliged to go back and replace the stone in its original position in the middle of the road'. [2]