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Valve interstitial cells (VIC), cardiac valve interstitial cells, or also known as valvular interstitial cells (VICs), are the most prevalent cells in the heart valve leaflets, which are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and are responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix that provides the mechanical properties of the heart valve.
The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure.It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity; the limitations/symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and/or angina.
Mutations in the intercalated disc gene are responsible for various cardiomyopathies that can lead to heart failure. [2] Ruptured intercalated discs, in this case regarded as a visual artifact. Ruptured intercalated discs, when seen on histopathology, have two main causes: Microtome sectioning, thereby being a visual artifact. [4]
Interstitial fibrosis, which is unspecific, and has been described in congestive heart failure, hypertension, and normal aging. [2] Subepicardial fibrosis, also unspecific, and is associated with non-infarction diagnoses such as myocarditis and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. [3] [4] Replacement fibrosis, which indicates an older infarction. [2]
The necrotic area is surrounded and progressively invaded by granulation tissue, which will replace the infarct with a fibrous (collagenous) scar (which are typical steps in wound healing). The interstitial space (the space between cells outside of blood vessels) may be infiltrated with red blood cells. [22]
The composition and chemical properties of the interstitial fluid vary among organs and undergo changes in chemical composition during normal function, as well as during body growth, conditions of inflammation, and development of diseases, [2] as in heart failure [5] and chronic kidney disease. [6]
In cardiology, aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve of the heart. The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis. A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic stenosis. [1] [2]
While prolonging heart and brain function, this also leads to other tissues being further deprived of oxygen causing more lactic acid production and worsening acidosis. This worsening acidosis along with hypoxemia , if left uncorrected, eventually causes the loss of peripheral vasoconstriction, worsening hemodynamic compromise, and death.