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In psychology and cognitive science, a schema (pl.: schemata or schemas) describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can also be described as a mental structure of preconceived ideas, a framework representing some aspect of the world, or a system of ...
Preconceived beliefs and expectations are used by human beings when they interact with others, as guides to action. Their actions may then guide the interacting partner to behave in a way that confirms the individual's initial beliefs.
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]
This can potentially distort their perceptions and lead to inaccurate judgments. [9] A continually evolving list of cognitive biases has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making in cognitive science, social psychology, and behavioral economics. The study of cognitive biases has practical ...
Attribution (psychology) – Process by which individuals explain causes of behavior and events; Black swan theory – Theory of response to surprise events; Chronostasis – Distortion in the perception of time; Cognitive distortion – Exaggerated or irrational thought pattern; Defence mechanism – Unconscious psychological mechanism
Word-presentations are memory traces that were at one time a perception, and therefore, can become conscious again. The only way then, he stated, for something from the unconscious to be brought into the preconscious was by supplying the preconscious with the intermediate links that connect the unconscious thought with an associated word or ...
Personality judgment not only influences perceptions of individuals, it also may influence the behavior of individuals being judged. This phenomenon is known as behavioral confirmation , and occurs when one's preconceived ideas about a person influence the behavior of the person.
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology [1] that concerns the conscious and unconscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system: perception. [2] A pioneer of the field was James J. Gibson. One major study was that of affordances, i.e. the perceived utility of objects in, or features of, one's surroundings. According to ...