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The distal half of the limb proper has two long bones, together termed the zeugopodium (plural: zeugopodia). These may be radius and ulna of the forearm, or the tibia and fibula of the shin. The distalmost portion or extremity of the limb, i.e. the hand or foot, is known as the autopodium (plural: autopodia).
Limb skeleton of a lion, an example of an angulated bony column. Even many terrestrial vertebrates exhibit differences in the scaling of limb dimension, limb coordination and magnitude of forelimb-hind limb loading, in the dog, horse and elephant the structure of the distal forelimb is similar to that of the distal hind limb.
Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal. "Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing appendages, such as fins, tentacles, and limbs. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or ...
Human fingers normally have a nail at the distal phalanx. The phenomenon of polydactyly occurs when extra digits are present; fewer digits than normal are also possible, for instance in ectrodactyly. Whether such a mutation can be surgically corrected, and whether such correction is indicated, is case-dependent. [1]
The distal part of the upper limb between the elbow and the radiocarpal joint (wrist joint) is known as the forearm or "lower" arm, and the extremity beyond the wrist is the hand. By anatomical definitions, the bones , ligaments and skeletal muscles of the shoulder girdle , as well as the axilla between them, are considered parts of the upper ...
The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb. After the limb bud induces AER formation, the AER and limb mesenchyme —including the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)—continue to communicate ...
Limb development in vertebrates is an area of ... Shh is both sufficient and necessary to create the ZPA and specify the craniocaudal pattern in the distal limb (Shh ...
The shoulder girdle [5] or pectoral girdle, [6] composed of the clavicle and the scapula, connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton through the sternoclavicular joint (the only joint in the upper limb that directly articulates with the trunk), a ball and socket joint supported by the subclavius muscle which acts as a dynamic ligament. While ...