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The words hypnosis and hypnotism both derive from the term neuro-hypnotism (nervous sleep), all of which were coined by Étienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers in the 1820s. The term hypnosis is derived from the ancient Greek ὑπνος hypnos , "sleep", and the suffix -ωσις - osis , or from ὑπνόω hypnoō , "put to sleep" ( stem of ...
Hypnotherapy, also known as hypnotic medicine, [1] is the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. [2] Hypnotherapy is generally not considered to be based on scientific evidence, and is rarely recommended in clinical practice guidelines . [ 3 ]
Later in his career, Barber addressed newer but competing theories of hypnosis that were based on dissociation. He proposed a three-dimensional description of hypnosis. He theorized that there are three distinct subtypes of good hypnotic subjects: the fantasy prone, the amnesia-prone, and the highly motivated positively set subjects. [8]
Hypnotic susceptibility scales, which mainly developed in experimental settings, were preceded by more primitive scales, developed within clinical practice, which were intended to infer the "depth" or "level" of "hypnotic trance" on the basis of various subjective, behavioural or physiological changes.
Self-hypnosis or auto-hypnosis (as distinct from hetero-hypnosis) is a form, a process, or the result of a self-induced hypnotic state. [ 1 ] Frequently, self-hypnosis is used as a vehicle to enhance the efficacy of self-suggestion ; and, in such cases, the subject "plays the dual role of suggester and suggestee".
The modern study of hypnotism is usually considered to have begun in the 1920s with Clark Leonard Hull (1884–1952) at Yale University. An experimental psychologist, his work Hypnosis and Suggestibility (1933) was a rigorous study of the phenomenon, using statistical and experimental analysis. Hull's studies emphatically demonstrated once and ...
Hypnosis is a physiological condition, which can be induced in healthy individuals. [6] The Nancy school believed the state of mind of hypnosis was a "nonpathological psychological state of mind". [4] This view was in direct opposition to the hysteria-centered view of hypnosis by the Paris school, which stated that hypnosis was a mental ...
In early hypnotic literature a hypnosis induction was a gradual, drawn-out process. Methods were designed to relax the hypnotic subject into a state of inner focus (during which their imagination would come to the forefront) and the hypnotist would be better able to influence them and help them effect changes at the subconscious level. [10]