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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating) or bootstrapping, is a machine learning (ML) ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms.
Violin plots are less popular than box plots. Violin plots may be harder to understand for readers not familiar with them. In this case, a more accessible alternative is to plot a series of stacked histograms or kernel density plots. The original meaning of "violin plot" was a combination of a box plot and a two-sided kernel density plot. [1]
Vector overlay is an operation (or class of operations) in a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating two or more vector spatial data sets. Terms such as polygon overlay , map overlay , and topological overlay are often used synonymously, although they are not identical in the range of operations they include.
A v-optimal histogram is based on the concept of minimizing a quantity which is called the weighted variance in this context. [1] This is defined as = =, where the histogram consists of J bins or buckets, n j is the number of items contained in the jth bin and where V j is the variance between the values associated with the items in the jth bin.
In a general computing sense, overlaying means "the process of transferring a block of program code or other data into main memory, replacing what is already stored". [1]
The histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) is a feature descriptor used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection. The technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image.
In image processing, histogram matching or histogram specification is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram. [1] The well-known histogram equalization method is a special case in which the specified histogram is uniformly distributed .