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Functional programming languages are typically less efficient in their use of CPU and memory than imperative languages such as C and Pascal. [84] This is related to the fact that some mutable data structures like arrays have a very straightforward implementation using present hardware.
Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category.
For brevity, these words will have the specified meanings in the following tables (unless noted to be part of language syntax): funcN A function. May be unary or n-ary (or always unary for languages without n-ary functions). func1, func2, etc. functions of specific arity.
The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages. Name
Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets) Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes c.f. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
In computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm of software that uses statements that change a program's state.In much the same way that the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands, an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform.
Functional programming languages tend to rely on tail call optimization and higher-order functions instead of imperative looping constructs. Many functional languages, however, are in fact impurely functional and offer imperative/procedural constructs that allow the programmer to write programs in procedural style, or in a combination of both ...
Purely functional data structures are often represented in a different way than their imperative counterparts. [6] For example, array with constant-time access and update is a basic component of most imperative languages and many imperative data-structures, such as hash table and binary heap, are based on arrays.