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A technology-critical element (TCE) is a chemical element that is a critical raw material [1] [2] [3] for modern and emerging technologies, [4] [5] [6] resulting in a striking increase in their usage. [4] [7] [1] [8] Similar terms include critical elements, [9] critical materials, [4] energy-critical elements [7] and elements of security. [10]
The "Final 2023 Critical Materials List" was determined by the United States Department of Energy (DOE), [5] with the Undersecretary for Science and Innovation involvement. . This list incorporates materials deemed critical for energy applications and minerals from the 2022 final list designated by the Department of the Interior through the United States Geological Survey (USG
The Critical Minerals Strategy, Resilience for the Future [12] was published in July 2022, updated [13] in March 2023. [14] As of December 2023, the UK does not produce any of the 18 identified highly critical CRM [d] [15] while a watchlist of increasingly critical materials includes Iridium, Manganese, Nickel, Phosphates and Ruthenium. [16]
Aluminum warrants special mention because it is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust; [3] despite this, it is not essential for life. With this sole exception, the eight most highly abundant elements in the Earth's crust, making up over 90% of the crustal mass, [3] are also essential for life.
REEs are amongst the most critical elements to modern technologies and society. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products. [148] Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically. [149]
Dysprosium is a chemical element; it has symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare-earth element in the lanthanide series with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though, like other lanthanides, it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.
The table below shows some of the parameters of common superconductors.X:Y means material X doped with element Y, T C is the highest reported transition temperature in kelvins and H C is a critical magnetic field in tesla.
Figure gives a summary of critical raw materials lists reported by the European Commission in 2011, 2014 and 2017. All critical raw materials are graphically summarised on the periodic table of elements published in review paper "The Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review". [24] The list was updated in ...