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Asthma is a common pulmonary condition defined by chronic inflammation of respiratory tubes, tightening of respiratory smooth muscle, and episodes of bronchoconstriction. [1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 1 in 11 children and 1 in 12 adults have asthma in the United States of America. [1]
Centrilobular emphysema, also called centriacinar emphysema, affects the centre of a pulmonary lobule (centrilobular) in the lung, the area around the terminal bronchiole and the first respiratory bronchiole, and can be seen on imaging as an area around the tip of the visible pulmonary artery.
Asthma is a common condition and affects over 300 million people around the world. [3] Asthma causes recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. [4] Exercise-induced asthma is common in asthmatics, especially after participation in outdoor activities in cold weather.
Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately one billion common colds occur each year. [29] A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18. [30]
Air trapping represents poorly aerated lung, but on its own is clinically benign. It is a common problem for smokers who dive. On diving the lung volume collapses and pushes air into the poorly aerated regions. On arising from a deep depth, these air-trapped areas of lung expand. This places great pressure on the lung tissue which can rupture. [3]
[citation needed] Among adult patients, women tend to be diagnosed more often. [10] Among children and teenage patients, VCD has been linked with high participation in competitive sports and family orientation towards high achievement. [citation needed] Vocal cord dysfunction co-occurs with asthma approximately 40% of the time. [11]
AERD affects an estimated 0.3–0.9% of the general population in the US, including around 7% of all asthmatics, about 14% of adults with severe asthma, and ~5-10% of patients with adult onset asthma. [2] [3] [8] AERD is uncommon among children, with around 6% of patients, predominantly female, reporting disease onset during childhood. [9]
The prevalence of childhood asthma in the United States has increased since 1980, especially in younger children. Rates of asthma have increased significantly between the 1960s and 2008 [9] [10] with it being recognized as a major public health problem since the 1970s. [5] Some 9% of US children had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980.