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Gerard was born in Cremona in northern Italy. Dissatisfied with the philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gerard went to Toledo. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy's Almagest, [3] which had a traditionally high reputation among scholars, but which, before his departure to Castile, was not yet known in Latin translation.
The first was led by Archbishop Raymond of Toledo in the 12th century, who promoted the translation of philosophical and religious works, mainly from classical Arabic into medieval Latin. Under King Alfonso X of Castile during the 13th century, the translators no longer worked with Latin as the final language, but translated into Old Spanish .
Robert of Chester (Latin: Robertus Castrensis) was an English Arabist of the 12th century. He translated several historically important books from Arabic to Latin , such as: Book on the Composition of Alchemy ( Liber de compositione alchemiae ): translated in 1144, this was the first book on alchemy to become available in Europe [ 1 ]
Robert of Ketton, known in Latin as Rodbertus Ketenensis (fl. 1141–1157), was an English astronomer, translator, priest and diplomat active in Spain. He translated several works of Arabic into Latin, including the first translation of the Quran into any Western language.
The legacy from the prestigious Toledo School of Translators, established during the 12th and 13th centuries, had diminished considerably after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain in 1492, but in many of the old Arab quarters of Spanish cities the tradition of translation from Arabic to Latin or Spanish continued, although frequently ...
The first Latin translation is due to James of Venice (12th century), and has always been considered as the translatio vetus (ancient translation). [13] The second Latin translation ( translatio nova , new translation) was made from the Arabic translation of the text around 1230, and it was accompanied by Averroes 's commentary; the translator ...
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The Graeco-Arabic translation movement was a large, well-funded, and sustained effort responsible for translating a significant volume of secular Greek texts into Arabic. [1] The translation movement took place in Baghdad from the mid-eighth century to the late tenth century.