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Luminous efficacy can be normalized by the maximum possible luminous efficacy to a dimensionless quantity called luminous efficiency.The distinction between efficacy and efficiency is not always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.
In 1937, the international candle was redefined again—against the luminous intensity of a blackbody at the freezing point of liquid platinum which was to be 58.9 international candles per square centimetre. In 1948, the international unit candela replaced candlepower. One candlepower unit is about 0.981 candela.
As a decorative element, the design of a flameless candle is relatively versatile. The body or "housing" of the device is commonly cylindrical, containing a battery pack and an often flame-shaped LED lamp atop the candle. Many manufactures use LED lights with a sporadic twinkling or flickering effect to simulate the calming glow of an actual flame.
lux (= lumen per square metre) lx (= lm/m 2) L −2 ⋅J: Luminous flux incident on a surface Luminous exitance, luminous emittance M v: lumen per square metre lm/m 2: L −2 ⋅J: Luminous flux emitted from a surface Luminous exposure: H v: lux second: lx⋅s L −2 ⋅T⋅J: Time-integrated illuminance Luminous energy density ω v: lumen ...
The 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) redefined the candela in 2018. [10] [11] The new definition, which took effect on 20 May 2019, is: The candela [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 12 Hz, [a] K cd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W −1, which is equal to cd sr W −1 ...
The whole detailed discussion about lumen output of 120V vs 230V lamps is off-topic for this page defining and discussing lumen. Take it to a luminous efficacy page, if there is one. Here just give an example like a "typical" candle at about 10 lm, a 100W bulb at about 1500 lm, a streetlight at 20,000-50,000 lm. That's it. Don't get distracted.