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The trapezius [4] is a large paired trapezoid-shaped surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It moves the scapula and supports the arm. The trapezius has three functional parts:
The spinal component of the accessory nerve provides motor control of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. [8] The trapezius muscle controls the action of shrugging the shoulders, and the sternocleidomastoid the action of turning the head. [8] Like most muscles, control of the trapezius muscle arises from the opposite side of the ...
There are several options of treatment when iatrogenic (i.e., caused by the surgeon) spinal accessory nerve damage is noted during surgery. For example, during a functional neck dissection that injures the spinal accessory nerve, injury prompts the surgeon to cautiously preserve branches of C2, C3, and C4 spinal nerves that provide supplemental innervation to the trapezius muscle. [3]
These muscles are responsible for several actions of the glenohumeral joint. The third group, which is mainly responsible for stabilization and rotation of the scapula, consists of the trapezius, serratus anterior, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles. These attach to the medial, superior, and inferior borders of the scapula.
In the forearm, this action is performed by pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscle. Brachioradialis puts the forearm into a midpronated/supinated position from either full pronation or supination. For the foot, pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.
Serratus anterior forms part of the latter group together with rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae, and trapezius. The trapezius evolved separately, but the other three muscles in this group evolved from the first eight or ten ribs and the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae (homologous to the ribs). [7]
The face pull is a weight training exercise that primarily targets the musculature of the upper back and shoulders, namely the posterior deltoids, trapezius, rhomboids, Latissimus dorsi as well as the biceps. [1] The face pull is considered an important exercise for shoulder health and stability. [2]
Muscle strength deficits in the lower trapezius muscles are also a common clinical finding in patients with rounded shoulders as it has been speculated to restrict zygapophyseal extension in the middle to lower thoracic spine. [36] Therefore, RSP treatment often targets the symptoms or root causes associated with these problem areas.