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The RBE is generally independent of LET for any LET less than 10 keV/μm, so a low LET is normally chosen as the reference condition where RBE is set to unity. Above 10 keV/μm, some systems show a decline in RBE with increasing LET, while others show an initial increase to a peak before declining.
For such purposes, doses should be evaluated in terms of absorbed dose (in gray, Gy), and where high-LET radiations (e.g., neutrons or alpha particles) are involved, an absorbed dose, weighted with an appropriate RBE, should be used" Radiation weighting factors are largely based on the RBE of radiation for stochastic health risks. However, for ...
Heavy ion therapy (e.g. carbon ions) makes use of the similarly high LET of 12 C 6+ ions. [5] [6] Because of the high LET, the relative radiation damage (relative biological effect or RBE) of fast neutrons is 4 times that of X-rays, [7] [8] meaning 1 rad of fast neutrons is equal to 4 rads of X-rays. The RBE of neutrons is also energy dependent ...
Below is a list of colleges or universities that only offer virtual or online education programs and are accredited by an accrediting body recognized by the US Department of Education. [1] The Distance Education Accrediting Commission is the primary accrediting body that recognizes online schools, but not all schools on this list are accredited ...
This is a list of universities in the United States classified as research universities in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Research institutions are a subset of doctoral degree-granting institutions and conduct research. These institutions "conferred at least 20 research/scholarship doctorates in 2019-20 and ...
Radiation with higher LET and higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) have a lower OER in mammalian cell tissues. [2] The value of the maximum OER varies from about 1–4. The maximum OER ranges from about 2–4 for low-LET radiations such as X-rays, beta particles and gamma rays, whereas the OER is unity for high-LET radiations such as ...
Master's Colleges and Universities: Medium Programs California State Polytechnic University, Pomona: Pomona, California: 1938 Public 23,966 $0.090 Master's Colleges & Universities: Larger Programs Clarkson University: Potsdam, New York: 1896 Private not-for-profit 3,873 $0.186 Doctoral Universities: Moderate Research Activity Colorado School of ...
Insular Areas of the United States and the 50 states and Washington, D.C.. Guam; Puerto Rico; U.S. Virgin Islands; Note: American Samoa (American Samoa Community College) and the Northern Mariana Islands (Northern Marianas College) have one college each.