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In 2010, existing anti-discrimination law was combined into a single Act of Parliament, the Equality Act 2010. The Equality Act contains provisions forbidding direct, indirect, perceptive and associative discrimination on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, religion and belief, age, disability, sexual orientation and gender reassignment.
Direct evidence of discrimination is rarely available, given that most employers do not openly admit that they discriminate. Facially discriminatory policies are only permissible if gender, national origin, or religion is a bona fide occupational qualification for the position in question.
First, discrimination prevents equity or fairness, when an equally qualified person does not receive equal treatment as another on account of race or gender. Second, discrimination results in inefficient allocation of resources because workers are not hired, promoted or rewarded based on their skills or productivity. [2]
There is agreement that the concept of equal opportunity lacks a precise definition. [2] [121] While it generally describes "open and fair competition" with equal chances for achieving sought-after jobs or positions [4] as well as an absence of discrimination, [4] [13] [122] the concept is elusive with a "wide range of meanings". [63]
This moralized definition of discrimination is distinct from a non-moralized definition - in the former, discrimination is wrong by definition, whereas in the latter, this is not the case. [ 12 ] The United Nations stance on discrimination includes the statement: "Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of ...
Alabama (1958) that freedom of association is an essential part of freedom of speech because, in many cases, people can engage in effective speech only when they join with others. [7] Other Supreme Court cases involving freedom of association issues include: [8] Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia, 377 U.S. 1 (1964) United Mine Workers v.
[109] [110] Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their gender identity [111] or their gender or sex differences. [112] An example of this is workplace inequality. [112]
United Kingdom employment equality law is a body of law which legislates against prejudice-based actions in the workplace. As an integral part of UK labour law it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because they have one of the "protected characteristics", which are, age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, pregnancy and ...