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An example of a chloride-bicarbonate antiporter is the chloride anion exchanger, also known as down-regulated in adenoma (protein DRA). It is found in the intestinal mucosa , especially in the columnar epithelium and goblet cells of the apical surface of the membrane, where it carries out the function of chloride and bicarbonate exchange. [ 39 ]
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. [1] This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to ...
An example of an activity of the intensity and duration that this system works under would be a 400 m sprint. Aerobic system – This is the long-duration energy system. After five minutes of exercise, the O 2 system is dominant. In a 1 km run, this system is already providing approximately half the energy; in a marathon run it provides 98% or ...
Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic state of living ...
Energy conversion by the inner mitochondrial membrane and chemiosmotic coupling between the chemical energy of redox reactions in the respiratory chain and the oxidative phosphorylation catalysed by the ATP synthase. [6] [7] The movement of ions across the membrane depends on a combination of two factors: [citation needed]
A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an acceptor chromophore through nonradiative dipole–dipole coupling. [2] The efficiency of this energy transfer is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between donor and acceptor, making FRET extremely sensitive to small changes in ...
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
The yellow circles produce more energy through chemiosmosis than what is required to move the green circles so the movement is coupled and some energy is cancelled out. One example is the lactose permease which allows protons to go down its concentration gradient into the cell while also pumping lactose into the cell. Pores: