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Enema equipment: to inject fluid into the lower bowel for several purposes, most frequently for relieving constipation: Endoscope: to look inside the gastrointestinal tract, used mainly in surgery or by surgical consultants External cardioverter / Defibrillator: to correct arrhythmias of the heart [2] Gas cylinder
Addiction medicine is a medical subspecialty that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, evaluation, treatment, and recovery of persons with addiction, of those with substance-related and addictive disorders, and of people who show unhealthy use of substances including alcohol, nicotine, prescription medicine and other illicit and licit drugs. [3]
[3] [7] [8] It is used sometimes in France and Italy as an anesthetic given intravenously. [9]: 15, 27–28 It is also approved and used in Italy and in Austria to treat alcohol dependence and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. [10] Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
A randomized, double blind trial published in JAMA in 1994 [5] showed that management for alcohol withdrawal that was guided by the CIWA scale resulted in decreased treatment duration and total use of benzodiazepines. The goal of the CIWA scale is to provide an efficient and objective means of assessing alcohol withdrawal.
Banana bags (more narrowly, thiamine) are under-used when alcoholics present to the hospital with illnesses other than alcohol withdrawal, especially for critical illnesses such as sepsis, traumatic brain injury, and diabetic ketoacidosis. [6] Using thiamine on septic alcoholics seems to reduce the rate of death. [7]
Management with a combination of abstinence from alcohol and the use of neuroleptics has been shown to be effective. [11] It is also possible to treat withdrawal before major symptoms start to happen in the body. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide have proven to be effective in treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as alcoholic hallucinosis ...
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Some addiction medicine practitioners use the term withdrawal management instead of detoxification. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A detoxification program for physical dependence does not necessarily address the precedents of addiction , social factors, psychological addiction, or the often-complex behavioral issues that intermingle with addiction.