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Semitic languages frequently reduplicate consonants, though often not the vowels that appear next to the consonants in some verb form. [39] This can take the shape of reduplicating the antepenultimate consonant (usually the second of three), [clarification needed] the last of two consonants, or the last two consonants. [40]
Gemination is represented in many writing systems by a doubled letter and is often perceived as a doubling of the consonant. [3] Some phonological theories use 'doubling' as a synonym for gemination, while others describe two distinct phenomena. [3] Consonant length is a distinctive feature in certain languages, such as Japanese.
West Germanic gemination also operated inconsistently on consonants followed by /l/ or /r/, e.g. Old English æppel 'apple' < Proto-Germanic *aplaz.In some cases this led to doublets, e.g. West Saxon Old English tēar 'tear (of the eyes)' < *tæher < Proto-Germanic *tahraz (without gemination) vs. Northumbrian Old English tæhher 'tear (of the eyes)' (with gemination).
In English, a stop consonant is often added as a transitional sound between the parts of a nasal + fricative sequence: English hamster / ˈ h æ m s t ər / often pronounced with an added p sound, GA: [ˈhɛəmpstɚ] or RP: [ˈhampstə] English warmth / ˈ w ɔːr m θ / often pronounced with an added p sound, GA: [ˈwɔɹmpθ] or RP: [ˈwɔːmpθ]
English orthography comprises the set of rules used when writing the English language, [1] [2] allowing readers and writers to associate written graphemes with the sounds of spoken English, as well as other features of the language. [3] English's orthography includes norms for spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and ...
Verner's law shifted Proto-Germanic /*h/ > /*g/ after an unstressed syllable. Afterwards, stress shifted to the first syllable in all words. [3] In many Old Norse verbs, a lost /g/ reappears in the forms of some verbs, which makes their morphology abnormal, but remain regular because the forms containing /g/s are the same for each verb they appear in.